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The Mundaka Upanishad ((サンスクリット:मुण्डक उपनिषद्), ) is an ancient Sanskrit Vedic text, embedded inside Atharva Veda.〔 It is a Mukhya (primary) Upanishad, and is listed as number 5 in the Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads of Hinduism. It is among the most widely translated Upanishads.〔 It is a poetic verse style Upanishad, with 64 verses, written in the form of mantras. However, these mantras are not used in rituals, rather they are used for teaching and meditation on spiritual knowledge.〔Max Muller (1962), The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0486209937, pages xxvi-xxvii〕 The ''Mundaka Upanishad'' contains three ''Mundakams'' (parts), each with two sections.〔 The first Mundakam, states Roer,〔 defines the science of "Higher Knowledge" and "Lower Knowledge", and then asserts that acts of oblations and pious gifts are foolish, and do nothing to reduce unhappiness in current life or next, rather it is knowledge that frees. The second Mundakam describes the nature of the Brahman, the Self, the relation between the empirical world and the Brahman, and the path to know Brahman. The third Mundakam expands the ideas in the second Mundakam and then asserts that the state of knowing Brahman is one of freedom, fearlessness, complete liberation, self sufficiency and bliss.〔 Some scholars〔Norman Geisler and William D. Watkins (2003), Worlds Apart: A Handbook on World Views, Second Edition, Wipf, ISBN 978-1592441266, pages 75-81〕 suggest that passages in the ''Mundaka Upanishad'' present the pantheism theory. In some historic Indian literature and commentaries, the ''Mundaka Upanishad'' is included in the canon of several verse-structured Upanishads that are together called as Mantra Upanishad and Mantropanishad.〔(Introduction to the Upanishads ) Max Muller, Volume XV, Oxford University Press, page xliii〕 ==Etymology== ''Mundaka'' (Sanskrit: मुण्डक) literally means "shaved (as in shaved head), shorn, lopped trunk of a tree". Eduard Roer suggests that this root is unclear, and the word as title of the Upanishad possibly refers to "knowledge that shaves, or liberates, one of errors and ignorance".〔(muNDAka ) Monier Williams English Sanskrit Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon〕〔Eduard Roer, (Mundaka Upanishad ) Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, page 142〕 The chapters of the Mundaka Upanishad are also sequentially referred to as "Mundakam" in ancient and medieval texts, for unclear etymological reasons.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mundaka Upanishad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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